Lumps Bumps and Cysts on Dogs: Identifying and Treating Common Growths

Dogs sometimes get lumps, bumps, or cysts, and it can be worrying for pet owners. These growths can vary in size and shape, and some may even change over time. Many of these growths are harmless, but it’s important to know which ones might require a vet’s attention.

Lumps can be benign or malignant, meaning they could be either harmless or dangerous. Common harmless lumps include lipomas, which are fatty tumours, and cysts filled with fluid or other material. Malignant lumps like mast cell tumours need to be checked and treated quickly to ensure the best outcome for your dog.

Cysts are usually non-cancerous and can appear almost anywhere on your dog’s body. They may be filled with fluid or other materials and usually don’t cause much discomfort. Regular checks and knowing what to look for can help keep your dog healthy and catch any serious issues early.

Understanding Lumps, Bumps, and Cysts

Definitions and Distinctions

Lumps, bumps, and cysts are common occurrences on a dog’s skin and can develop at any age. These growths vary in size, texture, and cause, and understanding their differences can help dog owners decide when veterinary care is necessary. Lumps are defined as noticeable growths or swellings on the skin. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and a vet’s examination is often required to determine their nature.

Bumps, on the other hand, are smaller, raised areas on the skin. While often less concerning than larger lumps, bumps should still be monitored for changes in size, color, or texture, as they may indicate underlying issues like allergies or infections. Cysts are sacs beneath the skin filled with fluid, pus, or sebaceous material. These are usually non-cancerous but can become uncomfortable if they rupture or become infected.

Recognizing the distinctions between lumps, bumps, and cysts helps pet owners understand when professional care is necessary.

Causes and Contributing Factors

Skin growths in dogs can arise from various underlying causes, ranging from genetic predispositions to environmental influences. Understanding these factors is crucial for early identification and treatment.

Age

Age is a significant determinant in the development of skin growths in dogs.

Older Dogs

As dogs age, their immune systems may weaken, and they become more prone to developing lumps, including malignant tumors, sebaceous cysts, or benign fatty growths like lipomas. Some of these growths are harmless, while others may require medical attention.

Younger Dogs

While less common, younger dogs can also develop skin lumps. These are often related to infections, trauma, or benign growths like histiocytomas, which tend to resolve on their own.

Breed

Certain breeds are genetically predisposed to specific types of skin growths, likely due to their unique skin structure and genetics.

Wooly-Haired Breeds

Dogs like Bichon Frise and Poodles are more prone to sebaceous adenomas, which are benign but can appear as clusters of wart-like bumps. These adenomas, derived from sebaceous glands, may become irritated or infected, causing discomfort.

Other Breed-Specific Risks

Breeds such as Boxers, Golden Retrievers, and Cocker Spaniels are known for their predisposition to developing mast cell tumors, lipomas, or other types of growths.

Infections and Trauma

Hematomas, which are raised skin bumps, are usually caused by traumatic injury.

Infections and injuries play a crucial role in the development of skin irregularities.

Bacterial and Viral Infections

Skin infections, whether bacterial or viral, can lead to localized swelling, abscesses, or warts. Viral warts, or papillomas, are commonly seen in young dogs or immunocompromised dogs, manifesting as small, cauliflower-like growths on the lips, mouth, or eyelids.

Trauma-Induced Growths

Physical injuries can trigger the formation of abscesses or granulomas as the skin attempts to heal. In some cases, this healing process leads to persistent lumps or scars that may resemble growths.

Signs and Symptoms

When a dog has lumps, bumps, or cysts, you may notice specific visual cues, physical changes, and behaviour patterns. Monitoring these signs can help in identifying the condition early.

Visual Identification

Check for any unusual swellings or masses on the dog’s body. These can be round, oval, or irregular in shape. They might be firm or soft to the touch. Keep an eye on their colour; some might be the same as your dog’s skin, while others could be red, black, or even purple.

Common visual signs include swelling or bumps under the skin, changes in hair growth around the affected area, and discoloration of the swelling.

Look closely at high-risk areas like the neck, chest, and belly. Changes in size over time can indicate a problem.

Physical Changes in Dogs

Physical changes might include differences in texture when you pet the dog. The bumps may feel hard or squishy. They can vary in size from tiny, like a pea, to larger than a golf ball.

Key physical changes to monitor include the growth rate, as some lumps grow faster than others, touch sensitivity, where lumps may cause discomfort when touched, and the skin condition, which may break open or become sore.

Behavioural Indicators

Dogs with lumps or cysts may show changes in behaviour. They might scratch or lick the affected area more frequently. Reduced activity levels or reluctance to play might also be signs of discomfort.

Behavioral signs to observe include excessive licking or chewing, which may indicate irritation or pain, changes in appetite, as some dogs may eat less when unwell, and unusual lethargy, with reduced energy for daily activities.

Diagnosis of Canine Skin Growth

To diagnose skin growths on dogs, veterinarians use various methods such as physical exams, collecting samples for lab analysis, and imaging techniques.

Veterinary Examination Procedures

Veterinarians first perform a thorough physical exam. They look at the size, shape, and location of the lumps. They may note if the growth is hard or soft when touched.

Palpation involves pressing on the growth gently. They can see if it causes pain or if fluid is present. Observation includes checking other body parts for similar growths.

The vet may ask questions about the dog’s health history. This includes changes in appetite, activity level, or other symptoms. Such questions help narrow down potential causes.

Sample Collection and Analysis

After the exam, the vet may collect samples from the growth. Common methods include fine-needle aspiration and biopsy. In fine-needle aspiration, a thin needle extracts cells from the lump.

The cells go to a lab for cytology analysis. A biopsy is more invasive and involves removing tissue. There are two types: incisional (part of the lump) or excisional (the whole lump).

Histopathology involves studying the removed tissue under a microscope. These tests help determine whether the growth is benign or malignant, and the findings guide the vet’s treatment plan.

Imaging Techniques

Imaging is crucial for internal evaluation. X-rays and ultrasound are primary tools. X-rays help visualise bones and detect calcification in growths. Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of internal structures.

This can show if the lump extends deep into tissues. For more detailed images, the vet may suggest MRI or CT scans. MRI uses magnetic fields, while CT scans use multiple X-ray images to create 3D cross-sections.

These advanced techniques offer better detail, aiding in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Different Kinds of Bumps and Lumps on a Dog’s Skin

Non-Cancerous Growths

Histiocytoma

Histiocytomas are non-cancerous lumps often found in younger dogs under two years old. They usually pop up on the front part of a dog’s body, like the head or legs. These lumps appear pink and fleshy and tend to get bigger before they start improving on their own.

Most histiocytomas go away without needing any treatment. A vet can confirm what it is by looking at a sample of cells under a microscope.

Lipoma

Lipomas are lumps made of fatty tissue that can appear anywhere on a dog’s body, but they’re often found on the trunk and legs. They’re more common in older, overweight dogs and can get quite large.

Lipomas generally don’t need treatment unless they start bothering the dog or interfere with movement. Sometimes, they can be removed surgically if they become a problem.

Papilloma

Papillomas look like warts and can be found around the mouth in young dogs. Older dogs might have them near the eyes or in other areas. These lumps are caused by a virus and can spread through contact with an infected dog or contaminated items.

Usually, they go away on their own, but severe cases might need surgery to help with eating or swallowing difficulties.

Skin Tag

Skin tags are small growths that often form where a dog’s skin rubs together. They look like the skin but stick out on thin stalks. Common in older dogs and certain breeds, skin tags don’t usually need treatment. They can be removed if they become bothersome.

Sebaceous Gland Tumour

These small lumps, often smaller than a pea, develop in older dogs. They can appear anywhere but are common on the head, especially the eyelids, in large breeds. Sebaceous gland tumours might bleed or secrete a crusty material. Removal isn’t necessary unless they become bothersome.

Meibomian Gland Tumour

These are slow-growing lumps found on the edge of a dog’s eyelid. These tumours can be cystic with fluid inside and might lead to extra tearing or irritation. They can be removed through surgery or freezing and rarely grow back after removal.

Epulis

Epiuli are common non-cancerous growths found in a dog’s mouth, often caused by a tooth rubbing against the gums. These pink bumps can appear as smooth, fleshy lumps or have a bony interior. Surgical removal, including the adjacent tooth and any affected tissue, is usually necessary to prevent regrowth.

Follicular Cysts

These large, non-cancerous bumps grow from hair follicles and can become itchy or painful as they get bigger. When pressed, they often release a thick material. If infected, they may require antibiotics, or if they become troublesome, surgical removal.

Perianal Adenomas

Common in older, unneutered male dogs, these benign growths appear around the anus but can also occur in similar glands on the abdomen, back, and tail. They often cure following neutering but may need surgical removal if they become large or ulcerated.

Hemangiomas

Hemangiomas resemble blood vessels and are often found in adult dogs in areas with sparse hair. These reddish-black lumps can be single or multiple and may become large or ulcerated. Surgical removal is the recommended treatment.

Nevus

Often referred to as moles, nevi are raised or flat dark growths on the skin, usually found on areas prone to trauma like the legs, head, and neck in older dogs. They are typically removed surgically.

Trichoepitheliomas

These small lumps spring from hair follicles in adult dogs. They are cyst-like and contain a yellow, cheesy material. While they can occur anywhere on the body, they are more common on the face and trunk. Surgical removal is the typical treatment, but new ones may continue to form.

Cornifying Epitheliomas

These benign growths look like horns and stick up from the skin surface. Cornifying epitheliomas most commonly appear on the back, tail, and legs of adult dogs. Treatment is only necessary if there is self-trauma, ulceration, or infection.

Basal Cell Tumours

These firm, solitary lumps develop on the head, ears, neck, and forelimbs of older dogs. They can be hairless and dark in colour, sometimes forming cysts that break and drain. They are usually removed surgically when they cause discomfort.

Cancerous Growths

Mast Cell Tumours

Mast cell tumours are one of the most common skin cancers in dogs. They can appear anywhere on a dog’s body but are usually found on the lower parts of the legs, chest, and belly. These lumps can change size daily and may grow quickly. Treatment often includes surgery and sometimes additional therapies like radiation or chemotherapy.

Melanoma

Melanomas are cancerous growths that most commonly arise in the mouth, on the lips, or on places with dark skin or fur. They can also occur in the nail bed, causing a dark, raised lump. These tumours can be slow or fast-growing and are often treated with surgery, sometimes followed by other treatments.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

These tumours are most often found on a dog’s feet, abdomen, lower legs, or around the mouth. They appear as firm, irregular masses that may bleed or ulcerate. Treatment usually involves surgical removal, and additional therapies may be necessary if they spread to other parts of the body.

Hemangiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcomas are rapidly growing and can develop anywhere there are blood vessels, including under the skin or within internal organs like the spleen or heart. They appear as dark red or bluish lumps and are often treated with surgery and possibly chemotherapy.

Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcomas are malignant lumps that typically form under the skin on a dog’s trunk or legs. These tumours are firm and can be slow-growing but very invasive to surrounding tissues. The standard treatment is surgical removal, and it’s important to get wide margins to reduce the chance of the tumour coming back.

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is a cancer that primarily affects a dog’s bones but can also appear as a lump on the skin if it spreads. These tumours are very aggressive and most commonly found on the limbs. Treatment usually involves amputation of the affected limb and chemotherapy.

Anal Gland Adenocarcinoma

This cancer occurs in the glands near a dog’s anus and can initially appear as a small lump but may grow large over time. These tumours can spread quickly to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. They often require surgical removal and may need additional treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. These tumours often form in the lymph nodes, causing them to swell. They may also develop in other tissues like the skin or internal organs. Treatment often includes chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy.

Key Signs to Watch Out For:

Changes in size, shape, or colour of a lump
Bleeding or discharge from a growth
Lumps that are ulcerated or scabbing
Rapidly growing or changing lumps
Multiple lumps forming in the same area

If you observe any concerning changes in your dog’s skin, it’s crucial to consult with a veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Treatment Options

Treatment for lumps, bumps, and cysts on dogs varies based on the type, size, and location of the growth. Options include surgical removal, medicinal therapies, and alternative treatments.

Surgical Removal

Surgical removal is often recommended for large or bothersome lumps. It’s done by a veterinarian under anaesthesia. The vet will cut out the lump and some surrounding tissue. This helps make sure the entire lump is removed and reduces the chance of it coming back. This method is considered very effective and often ensures the problem does not persist.

Recovery time varies based on the size of the lump and the complexity of the surgery. Postoperative care usually includes rest, possible pain relievers, and avoiding activities that may stress the surgery site. Stitches are typically removed after 10 to 14 days.

Medicinal Therapies

Medicinal therapies may be suitable for certain types of cysts or swelling. Antibiotics can help if the lump is due to an infection. Anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce swelling and discomfort. In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe steroid injections to shrink lumps.

For cysts, draining may be an option. Antibiotics are often prescribed afterward to prevent infection. Medicinal treatments are usually less invasive than surgery and can sometimes be used alongside other treatments.

Alternative Treatments

Alternative treatments include herbal remedies, acupuncture, and dietary changes. Some herbs, like turmeric, have anti-inflammatory properties and may help. Acupuncture can improve overall health and may reduce the size of lumps.

Dietary changes can boost the dog’s immune system, potentially helping to manage or reduce lumps. These methods are often used as supplementary treatments. It’s important to discuss these options with a veterinarian to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Prognosis and Management

The care for lumps, bumps, and cysts on dogs involves monitoring recovery, providing ongoing care, and making necessary lifestyle changes to support their health.

Expectations After Treatment

After treatment, dogs may need some time to heal, especially if surgery was involved. Swelling and redness around the treated area are common for the first few days.

Follow-up appointments are essential to ensure proper healing and to check for any signs of infection. Pain management may be needed, and medications like antibiotics could be prescribed to prevent infections. Owners should monitor the dog closely and report any unusual behaviours or symptoms to the vet.

Ongoing Care Requirements

Ongoing care is crucial to prevent the recurrence of lumps or cysts. Regular check-ups with a vet can help catch new growths early.

Dogs with a history of lumps or cysts might need special shampoos or topical treatments to keep their skin healthy. Diet may also play a role, as some types of cysts are related to nutritional factors. Keeping the dog’s weight in check through diet and exercise is beneficial.

Lifestyle Adjustments

Adjustments in the dog’s daily routine may be necessary. Exercise needs might be temporarily reduced during recovery.

Ensuring a clean-living environment helps in preventing infections, particularly for dogs prone to skin issues. Owners should also avoid any activities that may irritate the affected area, like excessive scratching or rough play. Maintaining a stress-free environment supports overall health and well-being.

Proper grooming and regular inspections at home can also aid in early detection of any new lumps or bumps.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing lumps, bumps, and cysts on dogs involves regular health checks, a balanced diet, and a clean environment.

Routine Health Maintenance

They should visit the vet for check-ups at least once a year. Regular grooming helps spot any unusual changes in the dog’s skin early. Brushing not only keeps the coat clean but also makes it easier to find lumps.

Owners should also feel their dog’s skin weekly. This way, they can detect any new bumps quickly. Vaccinations and flea control are also important parts of maintaining health. Keeping medical records updated helps in tracking any new developments.

Diet and Nutrition Considerations

Balanced diets are key for a dog’s health. Commercial dog food often includes all necessary nutrients. Check labels to ensure the food meets standards set by organisations like AAFCO.

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, can improve skin health. Avoiding human food that’s high in sugar and fat can help prevent weight issues that may lead to skin problems. Freshwater should always be available.

Environmental Factors

A clean living area reduces the chances of your dog picking up infections that can cause lumps. Regularly wash bedding and toys.

Keep your yard free of hazardous materials like sharp objects and toxic plants. Avoiding pesticides around areas where the dog plays can prevent skin irritation and potential lumps.

Having a safe, stress-free environment promotes overall well-being. Regular exercise helps keep weight in check and boosts the immune system.

Complications and Risks

Lumps, bumps, and cysts on dogs can lead to several complications. These may include infections, issues with inflammation, cancer risks, and overall systemic health problems.

Infection and Inflammation

When a lump or cyst becomes infected, it can cause redness, swelling, and pain. In some cases, an abscess may form, which is a pocket of pus. If not treated, infections can spread and become serious. Inflammation around the site can also make the dog uncomfortable. Regular monitoring and early treatment are key to managing these issues.

Cancerous Growth Concerns

Some lumps and bumps can be cancerous. It’s important to get a vet to check any new or changing growths. Benign lumps are usually harmless, but malignant tumours can spread to other parts of the body. Early detection and treatment can improve the chances of successful removal and recovery.

Systemic Health Impacts

Lumps and cysts can sometimes indicate underlying health issues. These can affect the dog’s overall health. For example, some growths can be linked to hormonal imbalances or immune system problems. Regular check-ups with a vet can help in identifying any systemic conditions early on.

The Role of Genetics

Genetics can significantly influence the likelihood of dogs developing lumps, bumps, or cysts. Breed predispositions and inherited conditions play vital roles.

Breed-Specific Predispositions

Some dog breeds are more prone to skin issues due to their genetic makeup. Boxers, for instance, often develop benign tumours called histiocytomas. Golden Retrievers are known for a higher incidence of lipomas, which are fatty lumps usually harmless but can grow large.

English Bulldogs frequently get interdigital cysts, which form between the toes and cause discomfort. Dachshunds may suffer from sebaceous cysts, often found on the head or torso. These conditions are influenced by a dog’s breed and can be managed with regular vet check-ups and proper care.

Inherited Cystic Conditions

Some cysts in dogs are inherited. For example, follicular cysts occur when hair follicles clog and swell, often found in Standard Poodles and Miniature Schnauzers. These cysts may need surgical removal if they become problematic.

Dermoid cysts are another inherited issue, more common in breeds like Rhodesian Ridgebacks. These cysts, which form along the spine, contain hair, skin, and sometimes other tissues. Though not always harmful, they can become infected or rupture.

Regular vet visits are important to monitor these conditions. Testing and early diagnosis can help manage or treat inherited cysts effectively.

Communication with Your Veterinarian

Noticing lumps, bumps, or cysts on your dog can be concerning. It’s important to know when to seek professional help and what questions to ask your vet.

When to Seek Veterinary Care

Seek veterinary care if you notice any new lumps or bumps on your dog. It’s especially urgent if the lump grows quickly, changes colour, or causes your dog pain. Look out for signs like bleeding, discharge, or if the lump feels hard and immovable.

Old lumps should still be checked annually. Even if a lump seems harmless, yearly check-ups ensure it hasn’t changed. Early detection of problematic growths can significantly improve treatment options and outcomes.

If your dog shows other symptoms like lethargy, lack of appetite, or difficulty breathing, contact your vet immediately.

Questions to Ask Your Vet

When visiting the vet, it’s helpful to ask specific questions about the lumps or bumps. Here are some crucial ones:

What could this lump be? This helps you understand possible causes.
Does the lump need a biopsy or removal? Knowing this will guide the next steps.
Are there any risks associated with the lump? Some lumps are harmless, while others can be dangerous.
What should I monitor at home? Your vet can guide you on symptoms to watch for.
How often should we recheck the lump?

Regular monitoring is essential. Bring any relevant medical history of your dog to the appointment. This information helps the vet make informed decisions about treatments and tests.