Spleen Cancer in Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

Spleen cancer in dogs is a serious condition that can affect any breed. Early detection is key to increasing a dog’s chances of survival. Symptoms can vary but may include weakness, loss of appetite, and abdominal swelling. Veterinarians often use ultrasound and blood tests to diagnose this condition. Once diagnosed, treatment options range from surgery to chemotherapy.

Caring for a dog with spleen cancer involves medical treatments and emotional support. Owners should stay informed and work closely with vets to explore the best care options. Regular check-ups can help monitor the dog’s progress and adjust treatments as needed.

What is Spleen Cancer in Dogs?

Non-Cancerous Tumours of the Spleen

Non-cancerous spleen tumours in dogs do not spread to other parts of the body. They can be difficult to distinguish from malignant tumours, so veterinarians often suggest additional tests. These benign tumours don’t pose a risk of metastasis.

Even though they are non-cancerous, many benign tumours still require removal. The outlook is generally positive if these tumours are detected early.

Cancerous Tumours of the Spleen

Cancerous spleen tumours in dogs have a more serious outlook compared to benign tumours. The prognosis varies based on how aggressive the cancer is. Common types of malignant spleen tumours include:

Lymphoma

This type of tumour involves the lymph nodes and other organs. It is often aggressive and has a poor outlook. It affects lymphocytes or white blood cells.

Leukaemia

This cancer usually starts in the bone marrow but can affect the spleen. Canine leukaemia is rare but often has a poor prognosis when the spleen is involved.

Other Round Cell Tumours

These include mast cell tumours, plasma cell tumours, and multiple myeloma. The prognosis varies but is generally not favourable.

Histiocytic Sarcoma

This type of sarcoma, which is common in breeds like the Bernese Mountain Dog, has a very poor prognosis. Most affected dogs are middle-aged or older dogs, but young dogs can also be affected. Histiocytic sarcoma can be disseminated, affecting multiple organs at the same time, or localised, affecting only a single location.

Secondary tumours, which spread from other body sites, are also frequent in the spleen due to its rich blood supply.

Symptoms of Spleen Cancer in Dogs

Splenic tumours in dogs can often be hard to spot or may not show any signs until they are discovered through tests for other issues. A major risk with spleen tumours is the potential for rupture, leading to either slow or fast internal bleeding. Slow bleeds may present milder symptoms, while fast bleeds can cause sudden, severe, and life-threatening blood loss.

Early Signs

Early signs of spleen cancer may include noticeable changes in a dog’s behavior or physical condition. Weight loss can occur as the dog may lose interest in eating. Lethargy is another symptom, where the dog appears more tired than usual and lacks energy for play or walks.

Some dogs might also show signs of discomfort or pain in their abdomen. This may be noticed as they resist being touched or show changes in posture. Pale gums are another early sign, often indicating anemia, which may result from internal bleeding associated with cancer.

Progressive Symptoms

As the cancer progresses, signs become more pronounced. Dogs might experience more severe abdominal swelling or noticeable masses. Fainting spells are possible as a result of severe anemia or internal bleeding, which are complications of spleen tumors.

In more advanced stages, breathing difficulties can arise due to pressure from an enlarged spleen. Dogs may also drink and urinate more frequently due to systemic effects on other organs. In severe cases, seizures can occur if cancer spreads to other areas of the body, affecting neurological function. Owners noticing these symptoms should promptly consult a veterinarian for a thorough examination and appropriate care.

Causes of Spleen Cancer in Dogs

The exact causes of spleen cancer in dogs are not well-known. Certain breeds, such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Boxers, and Standard Poodles, seem to have a higher risk.

Some dogs, like Bernese Mountain Dogs and Flat-Coated Retrievers, may have a genetic link to a specific type of splenic tumour called histiocytic sarcoma. Splenic cancer can appear in dogs of all ages, but it is more frequently found in older dogs.

How Veterinarians Diagnose Spleen Cancer in Dogs

Bloodwork and Complete Blood Count

Veterinarians often start with blood tests to check the general health of a dog with a suspected splenic tumour. A complete blood count (CBC) can reveal anaemia, which is a low red blood cell count and low platelet levels.

These conditions are common in dogs with bleeding or ruptured tumours. A blood chemistry panel may also show signs of dehydration.

Clotting Tests

Since low levels of platelets and other clotting factors are often present in some types of splenic tumours, veterinarians perform clotting tests. These tests, which include prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, measure how long it takes for the blood to clot.

Abnormal results suggest a more advanced disease and a higher risk of severe bleeding. Results from these tests can help guide treatments, such as blood transfusions, to manage bleeding during surgery.

X-rays

X-rays, also known as radiographs, help veterinarians assess the size, shape, and position of the spleen in relation to other abdominal organs. They can detect large masses in the spleen or signs that the spleen is unusually enlarged or misshapen. X-rays of the lungs are also taken to check for the spread of cancer.

Ultrasound Examination

An ultrasound offers a more detailed view of the spleen’s internal structure, size, and location. It’s useful in detecting other abdominal tumours, abnormalities, and fluid build-up. Ultrasound guidance is also used when taking tissue samples to ensure a more accurate diagnosis. Veterinary radiologists examine the entire abdominal area during the ultrasound.

Fluid Sampling and Cytology

In cases where a ruptured splenic tumour causes fluid build-up in the abdomen, vets can quickly obtain a sample using a needle. This fluid, often blood, is examined under a microscope to check for cancerous cells. This method is more effective in diagnosing certain cancers like lymphoma and mast cell tumours but isn’t always accurate.

Tissue Sampling

A splenic biopsy can be performed under ultrasound guidance using a large needle to collect spleen cells. It can also be done during the surgical removal of the spleen to check whether the tissue contains malignant or benign cells.

Treatment of Spleen Cancer in Dogs

Surgical Removal

Spleen removal, known as a splenectomy, is often recommended for treating splenic tumours. Vets suggest this surgery even for benign tumours, as they can rupture and cause serious health issues. The procedure is straightforward and can usually be done by a general vet. Since the spleen is not essential for survival, the entire organ is removed rather than just the tumour.

Before surgery, dogs undergo a full health check and cancer screening. This involves blood tests, chest X-rays, and abdominal ultrasounds. These tests help to decide if the dog is fit for surgery.

For dogs with advanced cancer or other health complications, surgery may not be an option. However, some malignant tumours can still benefit from a splenectomy.

Chemotherapy Treatments

Chemotherapy is often advised after a splenectomy based on the type of tumour. Veterinary oncologists will recommend the best course of action. For some types of tumours, chemo might not be needed at all.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy may be used in some cases, especially if the cancer has spread. This treatment uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumours. It’s less commonly used compared to surgery and chemotherapy.

The treatment is done over several sessions and may require the dog to be under anaesthesia. It’s crucial to weigh the benefits against the stress and potential side effects for the dog.

Medical Therapy

Medicines are not usually the first choice for dogs with spleen tumours. Yet, if surgery isn’t an option, medication can help improve quality of life. Dogs with spleen tumours that are not removed are still at risk of rupturing. Some vets use the Chinese herbal supplement Yunnan Baiyao to control bleeding.

Other drugs like steroids might be prescribed depending on the cancer type. These drugs do not cure the cancer but may make the dog more comfortable for a short time.

Prognosis for Dogs with Spleen Cancer

The outlook for spleen cancer in dogs varies. Early detection of benign tumours can often be handled with just a splenectomy, preventing ruptures. If a benign tumour is found early and the dog isn’t showing any illness, the prognosis can be very good.

Dogs with other health issues or those whose benign tumours rupture might face more challenges in recovery.

Malignant tumours have a more serious prognosis. Many dogs are too weak for anaesthesia due to blood and clotting issues. During emergency splenectomies, some dogs do not survive surgery.

Survival rates after splenectomy for malignant tumours like hemangiosarcoma range from under a month to three months. Dogs that also receive chemotherapy might live longer, depending on their specific case. Multiple factors, such as tumour type, cancer stage, and how much the cancer has spread, affect this.

Without treatment, the outlook for dogs with malignant, bleeding splenic tumours is extremely poor. Tumours might bleed slowly, causing ongoing illness and weakness, or rupture suddenly, leading to critical conditions. These dogs need immediate vet care to decide if surgery is possible or if humane euthanasia is the best option.

Recovery and Management of Spleen Cancer in Dogs

Dogs recovering from spleen surgery need close monitoring of the incision and routine pain management. Their activity should be limited, and the incision, usually from the sternum to the pelvis, requires careful watching for at least 10-14 days.

Complications can arise and may need intensive care and monitoring, such as ongoing bleeding and heart arrythmias.

Monitoring and Follow-Up

Regular veterinary check-ups are vital. Visits should occur every few months to catch any signs of recurrence early. These check-ups often include physical exams and possibly imaging tests like ultrasounds or X-rays.

Blood tests also help track the dog’s overall health. The vet will look for indicators like complete blood count and chemistry profiles. Any changes might suggest issues that need immediate attention. Owners should watch for symptoms like changes in appetite, weight loss, or lethargy. If any unusual behavior occurs, it’s important to consult the vet promptly.

Diet and Nutrition

A balanced diet supports recovery. Foods rich in protein and low in fat can be beneficial. Commercial dog food options designed for dogs recovering from illness might be a good choice.

A consultation with a veterinary nutritionist can provide tailored advice. Fresh, whole ingredients might also aid in recovery. Monitoring portion sizes ensures the dog maintains a healthy weight. Supplements like omega-3 fatty acids could support healing. Always check with the vet before adding any new supplements or making significant dietary changes.

Quality of Life Assessments

Owners should regularly evaluate the dog’s daily comfort and happiness. Pain management is important, so medications prescribed by the vet should be administered as advised.

Activities that the dog enjoys can improve its quality of life. Short walks or gentle playtime might be beneficial. However, it’s important to avoid overexertion.

Creating a stress-free environment helps the dog feel secure. Comfortable bedding and easy access to water and food are essential. Keeping a routine also helps reduce anxiety for the dog during the recovery process.

Preventive Measures

Ensuring the well-being of a dog’s spleen involves several key steps such as regular check-ups with a vet, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, and considering genetic screening for breeds prone to spleen issues.

Regular Veterinary Check-Ups

Regular visits to the vet can help detect spleen issues early. Annual or semi-annual check-ups allow the vet to monitor your dog’s spleen health closely. During these visits, the vet may perform blood tests, ultrasounds, or other diagnostic tests to catch any problems in their early stages. Early detection makes treatment more effective and increases the chances of a positive outcome for your dog.

Genetic Screening

For dogs with a family history of spleen cancer, genetic screening can be a useful preventive measure. Some breeds are more prone to spleen issues, and genetic tests can identify these risks early..

Genetic screening helps in making informed decisions about your dog’s health care plan and lifestyle choices. Discuss the benefits and limitations of genetic screening with your vet to decide if it’s right for your dog

Holistic and Alternative Therapies

Holistic and alternative therapies can complement traditional treatments for spleen cancer in dogs. They may help reduce pain and improve overall well-being.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture involves inserting small needles into specific points on a dog’s body. This practice can help manage pain and stimulate healing by releasing natural painkillers and improving blood flow. Many pet owners report that their dogs seem calmer and more comfortable after treatment.

Most veterinarians who practise acupuncture undergo special training. It’s best to seek a certified veterinary acupuncturist. Treatment sessions usually last about 20-30 minutes. Depending on the dog’s condition, the vet might recommend one or multiple sessions.

Herbal Remedies

Herbal remedies include natural products like turmeric, milk thistle, and ashwagandha. They support the immune system, reduce inflammation, and detoxify the liver.

Turmeric contains curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory properties. Milk thistle helps protect the liver from toxins and supports liver function. Ashwagandha is known for its stress-relief and immune-boosting effects. Always consult a veterinarian before starting any herbal remedies to ensure they are safe and appropriate for your dog’s specific health needs.

Supplements

Supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, oils, and probiotics can also play a role in holistic care. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oils, help reduce inflammation and support the immune system.

Probiotics promote a healthy gut, which is important for the immune system. These supplements should be used under the guidance of a veterinarian to ensure the right dosages and to avoid any potential interactions with other treatments.

Spleen Cancer in Dogs FAQs

How long do dogs with spleen cancer often live?

Dogs diagnosed with spleen cancer often live for a few weeks to several months. The exact lifespan depends on factors like the type and stage of the cancer.

What are the effects of spleen cancer on dogs?

Spleen cancer can lead to significant health problems in dogs. A major risk is blood loss from a bleeding tumor, especially in cases of hemangiosarcoma.

Is there pain associated with spleen tumours in dogs?

Dogs with spleen tumours might experience pain, particularly if the tumor ruptures. Some dogs may not show any symptoms at all.

What are the treatment options for spleen cancer in dogs?

Certain types of spleen cancer can be treated successfully with a combination of surgery and chemotherapy.